Heritage and Firm Survival - An Analysis of German Automobile Spinoffs 1886-1939

The theory predicts that spinoffs of successful parents are more successful than others. The success of the parents can be measured in two ways, either in terms of their survival duration or concerning their innovative activity. In this paper, the survival chances of spinoffs in the German automobile industry regarding the success of their parents will be investigated. Therefore it is differentiated between spinoffs of old parents and spinoffs of innovative parents. The results of the Cox regressions show that spinoffs of old parents have better survival chances than those of innovative parents.firm survival

Macroeconomic Development and the Life Cycle of the German Automobile Industry, 1886 - 1939

Empirical work studying the industry life cycle highlights the role of knowledge in various forms on the durations firms survive in the industry. This research leaves open the influence of historical events, which are reflected in macroeconomic factors like income, inflation, exports and interest rates on the industry life cycle. In this paper we investigate the relationship between the macroeconomic conditions and firm survival in the German automobile industry during the period 1886-1939. The results reveal that the macroeconomic conditions influence firm survival in addition to the knowledge variables traditionally considered and substantially contribute to explanatory power

Heritage and Firm Survival - An Analysis of German Automobile Spinoffs 1886-1939

The theory predicts that spinoffs of successful parents are more successful than others. The success of the parents can be measured in two ways, either in terms of their survival duration or concerning their innovative activity. In this paper, the survival chances of spinoffs in the German automobile industry regarding the success of their parents will be investigated. Therefore it is differentiated between spinoffs of old parents and spinoffs of innovative parents. The results of the Cox regressions show that spinoffs of old parents have better survival chances than those of innovative parents.firm survival, spinoffs, heritage, automobile industry

Macroeconomic Development and the Life Cycle of the German Automobile Industry, 1886 - 1939

Empirical work studying the industry life cycle highlights the role of knowledge in various forms on the durations firms survive in the industry. This research leaves open the influence of historical events, which are reflected in macroeconomic factors like income, inflation, exports and interest rates on the industry life cycle. In this paper we investigate the relationship between the macroeconomic conditions and firm survival in the German automobile industry during the period 1886-1939. The results reveal that the macroeconomic conditions influence firm survival in addition to the knowledge variables traditionally considered and substantially contribute to explanatory power

Knowledge compensation in the German automobile industry

In studies looking at firm survival over the industry life cycle knowledge is one of the most important determinants. Different kinds of knowledge, namely post-entry experience, pre-entry experience and knowledge acquired by innovative activity positively influence the survival chances. This article investigates how different kinds of knowledge are able to compensate each other. A statistical survival analysis is performed for the German automobile industry (1886-1939) which applies an estimation approach that links instrumental variables with the Cox regression. The results highlight that innovative activity is able to compensate for lacking post-entry experience, supporting Schumpeterian creative destruction.

Comparison of automated brain volumetry methods with stereology in children aged 2 to 3 years

INTRODUCTION: The accurate and precise measurement of brain volumes in young children is important for early identification of children with reduced brain volumes and an increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairment. Brain volumes can be measured from cerebral MRI (cMRI), but most neuroimaging tools used for cerebral segmentation and volumetry were developed for use in adults and have not been validated in infants or young children. Here, we investigate the feasibility and accuracy of three automated software methods (i.e., SPM, FSL, and FreeSurfer) for brain volumetry in young children and compare the measures with corresponding volumes obtained using the Cavalieri method of modern design stereology. METHODS: Cerebral MRI data were collected from 21 children with a complex congenital heart disease (CHD) before Fontan procedure, at a median age of 27 months (range 20.9-42.4 months). Data were segmented with SPM, FSL, and FreeSurfer, and total intracranial volume (ICV) and total brain volume (TBV) were compared with corresponding measures obtained using the Cavalieri method. RESULTS: Agreement between the estimated brain volumes (ICV and TBV) relative to the gold standard stereological volumes was strongest for FreeSurfer (p < 0.001) and moderate for SPM segment (ICV p = 0.05; TBV p = 0.006). No significant association was evident between ICV and TBV obtained using SPM NewSegment and FSL FAST and the corresponding stereological volumes. CONCLUSIONS: FreeSurfer provides an accurate method for measuring brain volumes in young children, even in the presence of structural brain abnormalities